Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been described as the main etiological factor for the development of premalignant and malignant lesions of the anogenital system. The focus of HPV prevention strategies has classically been on the uterine cervix. In contrast, HPV infections involving the anal canal have been neglected for decades. Anal cancer is preventable disease due to existence of its precursor lesion Anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN). Anal high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (anal HSIL) can progress to anal squamous cell cancer (ASCC). AIN is a rare disease, but as some patients are at increased risk, knowledge of the epidemiology, natural history, diagnosis and treatment of AIN, is highly important for prevention of invasive anal squamocellular cancer (anal SCC). Numerous articles and a number of guidelines have been published referring mostly to population of HIV positive, immunosuppressed and organ transplanted persons. Recently, it was shown that the risk of AIN and anal SCC is significantly higher among women with previously diagnosed HPV related disease, compared to the general population. This group of patients requires targeted screening and treatment for AIN. Gynecologists have a crucial role in raising awareness and educating high risk women about the risk of anal cancer.  They should be familiar with screening  principles, available screening methods, and  the identification of patients at high risk for anal SCC.